Week14a+Backgorund+KNowledge+-+KEY


 * || ** __Question 1__: **
 * What do you need to know in order to understand the article? **
 * a. Point out at least three key words and/or concepts. **
 * b. Explain at least one of these concepts / keywords after looking them up somewhere. Quote your source. **

[|Per2SpencerN] : I really think a scientist needs to know about __enzymes__, the __pancreas__, and the __digestive system__. The pancreas is an organ that produces enzymes to help digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It also secretes hormones such as insulin into the blood stream that helps to lower the sugar in the bloodstream. [|Per5DanielaC] we would need to know about __pancreatic cells__, __secretion of insulin__, and __mouse and human cells__. -**pancreatic cells** have proteins that can taste fructose, which boosts insulin production in some instances [|Per2DeniseS] a. In order to understand the article, I need to know what __enzymes__ are, what the pancreas does, and what insulin does. b. "An **enzyme** is a protein molecule that is a biological catalyst with three characteristics." [|Per5KimberlyR] a.regulator -overproduction-metabolism b.**__metabolism__**-the sum of the phy.and chem. process in a organismby which its material substances is produced, maintained, and destroy by which energy is made available. [|Per2AmberN] Words you should know include __fructose__, insulin, and glucose. "**Fructose** is more commonly found together with glucose and sucrose in honey and fruit juices. Fructose, along with glucose are the monosaccharides found in disaccharide, sucrose. Fructose is classified as a monosaccharide, the most important ketose sugar, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar" [|Per2JachelleA] A. In order to understand the article, I think that one needs to know about the __digestive system__, the pancreas, and enzymes. B. The **digestive system** is what helps break down the food you eat. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, epiglottis, pharynx, appendix, and anus [|Per4AndrewB] a. Some key words are **__Insulin__**, Fructose, and Metabolism. b. __Insulin__ is a hormone that regulates the body's absorbtion of sugar and other nutrients in the blood. (google.com) [|Per2AshleyTojong] I think you would have to know **__fructose__**, pancreatic, and enzyme. b) A very sweet sugar, C6H12O6, occurring in many fruits and honey and used as a preservative for foodstuffs and as an intravenous nutrient. ** __Question 2__: **
 * What did the researchers observe (or learned that others observed) that trigerred this work? In otehr words - what was the problem that they were trying to solve? **

"The researchers observed that when the pancreas tasted frutcose with taste cells, it produced more insulin. They were trying to find out if this was affecting other bodily functions." //__Correction__: The tasting of fructose by the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas was the// new //observation, that gave the title to the article. It is not the previous observations I was asking about.// "That the interaction can crank up the body's secretion of insulin, which is found predorminantly in friut, honey, etc. and which may be concern for people prone to diabetes." //__Correction__: (Aside from not to start any senetence with 'that'), It is fructosse that is found in fruit, not insulin. And again - I asked abotu the observations bef, those that had lead to the current research!.// Honestly, I cannot find even on correct answer to this, so here it goes. In the last part of the article, it says: __"Fructose has receently taken some heat for whacking metabolism out of blanace. An issue iswhere the sweet stuff enters the metabolic assembly line....Fructose come in farther down, where it can lead to an overproduction of fat.... (Under fructose, as different from Glucse..) insulin does not moderate apetite."__ And therefore, the question/problem that the current research aimed to asnwer / solve was - __HOW does fructose trigger a different insulin response than glucose__? All the answers students posted in response to this question were about the pancrease tasting fructose, but that was the result in the current research. In other words, if you found the very original publication with all the information possible, you would not find data about fructose effetcs, lets say, on body weight, but you will find tables and charts describing the effects of fructose and glucose on Insulin secretion, and perhapse tests that show the binding of fructose to pancreatic cells. ** __Question 3__: **
 * What did the researchers need to know in order to conduct their study, in terms of methods, human body functions, chemistry of ...., and more? Write at least three ideas. **

Again, I am helplessly looking for a correct answer to this question, and nada. Look at the question - aside from background knowlegde in the biological system. the researchers need to know HOW to test things. So, that would include knowledge of how to measure amount of insulin, how to test for 'testing' in the pancreas (test attachment of fructose to pnacreatic cells).
 * BOTTOM LINE: **
 * When you get to study a topic of your choice, and prepare a proposal for it, you MUST first recognize the (large) amount of knowledge you will need to have to conduct the research successfully, in both biological systems, or human physiology and suitable methods. I am not suggesting that you study all that you list for yourself just to write a proposal, but at least distinguish between 'old' and 'new' observations! ** ||